Coxsackievirus B infection invokes unique cell-type-specific responses in primary human pancreatic islets

Coxsackievirus B (CVB) infection has long been considered an environmental factor precipitating Type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune disease marked by loss of insulin-producing b cells within pancreatic islets. Previous studies have shown CVB infection negatively impacts islet function and viability but do not report on how virus infection individually affects the multiple cell types present in human primary islets. Therefore, we hypothesized that the various islet cell populations have unique transcriptional responses to CVB infection. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on human cadaveric islets treated with either CVB or poly(I:C), a viral mimic, for 24 and 48 hours. Our global analysis reveals CVB differentially induces dynamic transcriptional changes associated with multiple cell processes and functions over time whereas poly(I:C) promotes an immune response that progressively increases with treatment duration. At the single-cell resolution, we find CVB infects all islet cell types at similar rates yet induces unique cell-type specific transcriptional responses with b, a, and ductal cells having the strongest response. Sequencing and functional data suggest that CVB negatively impacts mitochondrial respiration and morphology in distinct ways in b and a cells, while also promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species. We also observe an increase in the expression of the long-noncoding RNA MIR7-3HG in b cells with high viral titers and reveal its knockdown reduces gene expression of viral proteins as well as apoptosis in stem cell-derived islets. Together, these findings demonstrate a cell-specific transcriptional, temporal, and functional response to CVB infection and provide new insights into the relationship between CVB infection and T1D.