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Long-term chronic exposure of mice to sodium fluoride and a mixture of endocrine disruptors lead to easily observable tooth enamel and retina abnormalities underlying changes in hepatic metabolism

GSE289561 Mus musculus (mouse) RNA-seq (gene expression) 24 samples Submitted 2026/02/14 Platform GPL24247
At a glance

RNA-seq (gene expression) · mouse · 24 samples

What it is
RNA-seq (gene expression)Gene activity measured by sequencing. The summary does not mention single-cell work, so this is most likely bulk: one average per sample, the usual starting point for comparing groups.
Organism
Mus musculus (mouse)
Samples
24 samples: 24 samples, each with a distinct title — no replicated groupsGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get
A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Paper
Long-term exposure of mice to sodium fluoride and to a mixture of endocrine disruptors causes tooth enamel and retina abnormalities associated with changes in hepatic metabolismEnvironment international · 2025
Summary (written by the submitters)
Background: Long-term exposure to environmental pollutants contributes to multiple health disorders diagnosed after years when pathologies are established. Early markers are urgently needed. Objectives: To identify early new markers of exposure to low-dose toxicants widely present in daily environment.
Read the full summary ↓
To achieve this objective, we set up realistic models of environmental exposure and analyzed, in addition to the liver, the most studied xenobiotic target organ, two easily accessible sensitive organs, eyes and teeth, as good potential candidates to be original markers of environmental exposures. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were chronically exposed in drinking water to either 1 mM sodium fluoride (NaF), or a mixture of 15 widely present substances with endocrine-disrupting activities, or both, from the conception to 1 or 10 months after birth. Most doses of the components in the mixture were below the tolerated dose intakes. Eyes, livers and teeth were analyzed at the histological, biochemical and functional levels.Results: All mice in test groups presented lower weight gain than controls with the most significant differences observed in females 30 days after birth (PND 30). Whereas histological analyses showed no significant defects in liver despite metabolic disruptions highlighted by molecular metabolomic and RNAseq analyses, eye retina and tooth enamel presented disorders detected as soon as 3 months of age that considerably worsened in all 10-months old animals. Discussion: Despite clear molecular hepatic metabolic disorders occurring in all test groups, the most evident histological and clinical signs were reported in eyes and teeth. These easily accessible defects may be used as early markers of low-dose exposure to environmental toxicants.
Published in
Long-term exposure of mice to sodium fluoride and to a mixture of endocrine disruptors causes tooth enamel and retina abnormalities associated with changes in hepatic metabolism
Picard E, De Palma FDE, Loiodice S et al. · Environment international 2025 · PMID 41135427 · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109861
This dataset
Open GSE289561 in finder → Find more mouse RNA-seq datasets →
Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

Series matrix ↓
2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE289561_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

All supplementary files ↗ Whole study · RAW.tar ↓
3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

Raw reads on ENA ↗

What the files usually look like: For RNA-seq the counts are usually a table among the supplementary files (look for 'counts', 'expression', 'FPKM' or 'TPM' in the file name). The series matrix of a sequencing study is sometimes nearly empty.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1223435 and SRA study SRP563815. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

NCBI GEO page ↗ Paper (PMID 41135427) ↗
Study design
24 samples, each with a distinct title — no replicated groups

Any grouping that defines a comparison lives in the sample characteristics, which GEO records separately from the titles.

How we read this: Read from 24 sample titles: 24 distinct titles with little repetition. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study
Datasets on a similar topic

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