Insights into Intramuscular Adipose-Muscle Signaling in the Diabetic Lower Extremity

Intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) has been proposed to directly contribute to diabetic myofiber dysfunction through paracrine signaling. The impacts of this signaling beyond contributing to myofiber insulin resistance are largely unknown. This study aims to explore the human IMAT transcriptome, with a focus on its potential role in diabetic muscle regenerative deficits. Using a within-subjects design, we compared IMAT to subcutaneous (SQ) fat in individuals with and without diabetes. We hypothesized that diabetic IMAT would exhibit an inflammatory profile, similar to diabetic SQ, and that inflammatory secreted factors from IMAT progenitors would impair cultured myoblast fusion. Instead, we found that the diabetic IMAT transcriptome exhibited reduced enrichment of inflammatory pathways compared with SQ and less transcriptional evidence for immune cell infiltration. While diabetic IMAT featured a mostly anti-myogenic transcriptional profile for secreted cytokines, media conditioned by diabetic IMAT progenitors did not uniquely impair fusion of cultured myoblasts compared with non-diabetic IMAT or SQ. Surprisingly, the diabetic status of the myoblast donor predicted myoblast fusion, with reduced fusion rates in diabetic myoblasts exposed to conditioned media from all adipose sources. This suggests that IMAT-myoblast signaling may be detrimental to regeneration in diabetes, but that the effect is driven in part by changes in myoblast sensitivity to IMAT secreted factors, rather than altered IMAT secretome alone. This emphasizes the insight that can be gained from disease-state matched and mismatched culture models and highlights the need to better understand how diabetes impacts myoblasts and their interaction with the disease environment.