Comprehensive androgen-dependent transcriptome analysis in human genital tissue

Background: Androgen signalling through the androgen receptor (AR) is crucial for male genital development. Disruptions in this pathway are associated with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), which is typically caused by mutations in the AR gene, although the underlying genetic mechanisms remain unknown in many cases. To better understand androgen-dependent transcriptional changes in human genital tissue, we performed transcriptomic profiling of foreskin- and scrotum-derived human genital skin fibroblasts (GSFs) treated with dihydrotestosterone. Results: Differential gene expression analysis revealed 409 and 260 reproducibly up-regulated genes in foreskin- and scrotum-derived GSFs, respectively. GSFs from individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, carrying inactivating mutations in the AR gene, showed no reproducible androgen response. Androgen response element motif scanning confirmed direct AR binding in key up-regulated genes, including AOX1, APOD, FKBP5, and FAM107A. Gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment in pathways related to neuronal, muscle, cardiovascular, and sex development. Conclusion: Identifying new AR target genes broadens the current understanding of androgen signalling and aids in better understanding the etiology of AIS, and other androgen-related conditions.