Single-cell transcriptome analyses reveal disturbed decidual microenvironment in women of advanced maternal age

Background: Advanced maternal age (AMA) increases pregnancy risk. However, uterine-specific mechanisms independent of oocyte and embryo quality remain poorly defined. This study aimed to characterise the decidual microenvironment in women of AMA to identify key pathological changes and regulatory pathways. Methods and Results: Through integrated histology, organoid modelling, and high-resolution scRNA-seq of first-trimester decidua from women of AMA and controlled reproductive age, we uncovered a pathologically remodelled decidual microenvironment characterised by fibroblast expansion, immune depletion, and disrupted intercellular communication in the AMA decidua. Central to this pathology was hyperactivated TGF-β signalling, driving fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT) and extracellular matrix overproduction, thereby fuelling fibrosis. Aberrant TGF-β further impaired decidual stromal cell (DSC) differentiation, causing failure of the essential mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (EMT). We identified PRR15 as a novel DSC-specific regulator that is markedly suppressed in AMA. PRR15 deficiency unleashed hyperactive TGF-β/SMAD signalling, directly causing decidualization failure, enhanced fibrosis, and aborted DSC differentiation. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and immune cell reprogramming towards profibrotic phenotypes further amplify the fibrotic pathology. Conclusion: This study established the aged decidual microenvironment, orchestrated by dysregulated TGF-β signalling and PRR15 loss, as a critical independent determinant of reproductive failure in AMA. Thus, it unveils novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets and strategies.