GEO series

TGF-β and IL-4+IL-13 induce neuroplasticity in an in vitro model of hPSC-derived sensory neurons

GSE307973 Homo sapiens (human) RNA-seq (gene expression) 24 samples Submitted 2026/02/13 Platform GPL24676

At a glance

RNA-seq (gene expression) · human · 24 samples

What it is: RNA-seq (gene expression)Gene activity measured by sequencing. The summary does not mention single-cell work, so this is most likely bulk: one average per sample, the usual starting point for comparing groups.
Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Samples: 24 samples: 24 samples, each with a distinct title — no replicated groupsGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get: A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Paper: TGF-β and IL-4 + IL-13 induce neuroplasticity in an in vitro model of hPSC-derived sensory neuronsFrontiers in immunology · 2026

Summary (written by the submitters)

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness. Recent studies using mouse models, bronchial biopsies of asthma patients, and lung tissue of patients with fatal asthma have implicated neuroplasticity as a pathological feature of severe asthma, possibly contributing to airway hyperresponsiveness.

Read the full summary ↓

Currently, we lack the models to study the mechanisms behind sensory neuroplasticity in vitro. Here, we describe the differentiation of sensory neurons from human pluripotent stem cells. Generation of sensory neurons was validated using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and RNA-sequencing, as well as functional responsiveness to capsaicin using calcium imaging. We exposed these hPSC-derived sensory neurons to TGF-β or Th2-cytokines IL-4 together with IL-13, both of which have important roles in asthmatic airway remodelling. Both treatments induced neuroplasticity-related changes such as increased network density and neuronal sensitivity in the sensory neurons, albeit TGF-β more strongly than IL-4+IL-13. Our results show that hPSC-derived sensory neurons can be generated robustly and reproducibly and provide a good model to investigate the mechanisms behind neuroplasticity. Furthermore, our findings support a role for the asthmatic airway microenvironment, most notably TGF-β, in the development of neuroplasticity.

Published in

TGF-β and IL-4 + IL-13 induce neuroplasticity in an in vitro model of hPSC-derived sensory neurons

Koster CS, Bos IST, Lavitola C et al. · Frontiers in immunology 2026 · PMID 41853271 · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1705880

This dataset

Open GSE307973 in finder → Find more human RNA-seq datasets →

Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

Series matrix ↓

2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE307973_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

All supplementary files ↗ Whole study · RAW.tar ↓

3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

Raw reads on ENA ↗

What the files usually look like: For RNA-seq the counts are usually a table among the supplementary files (look for 'counts', 'expression', 'FPKM' or 'TPM' in the file name). The series matrix of a sequencing study is sometimes nearly empty.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1327902 and SRA study SRP619875. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

NCBI GEO page ↗ Paper (PMID 41853271) ↗

Study design

24 samples, each with a distinct title — no replicated groups

Any grouping that defines a comparison lives in the sample characteristics, which GEO records separately from the titles.

How we read this: Read from 24 sample titles: 24 distinct titles with little repetition. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study

GSM9234748 BW092-001T0013, H9WAO9, Vehicle
GSM9234749 BW092-001T0014, H9WAO9, TGF-β
GSM9234750 BW092-001T0015, H9WAO9, IL-6
GSM9234751 BW092-001T0016, H9WAO9, IL-4+IL-13
GSM9234752 BW092-001T0017, H9WAO9, Vehicle
GSM9234753 BW092-001T0018, H9WAO9, TGF-β
GSM9234754 BW092-001T0019, H9WAO9, IL-6
GSM9234755 BW092-001T0020, H9WAO9, IL-4+IL-13
GSM9234756 BW092-001T0021, H9WAO9, Vehicle
GSM9234757 BW092-001T0022, H9WAO9, TGF-β
GSM9234758 BW092-001T0023, H9WAO9, IL-6
GSM9234759 BW092-001T0024, H9WAO9, IL-4+IL-13
GSM9234760 BW092-001T0025, H9WAO9, Vehicle
GSM9234761 BW092-001T0026, H9WAO9, TGF-β
GSM9234762 BW092-001T0027, H9WAO9, IL-6
GSM9234763 BW092-001T0028, H9WAO9, IL-4+IL-13
GSM9234764 BW092-001T0029, H9WAO9, Vehicle
GSM9234765 BW092-001T0030, H9WAO9, TGF-β
GSM9234766 BW092-001T0031, H9WAO9, IL-6
GSM9234767 BW092-001T0032, H9WAO9, IL-4+IL-13
GSM9234768 BW092-001T0033, H9WAO9, Vehicle
GSM9234769 BW092-001T0034, H9WAO9, TGF-β
GSM9234770 BW092-001T0035, H9WAO9, IL-6
GSM9234771 BW092-001T0036, H9WAO9, IL-4+IL-13

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