GEO series

Independent cell type-specific expression and distal regulation of the 9p21 locus cell cycle regulators: p14ARF, p16INK4A, p15INK4A, and ANRIL [ChIP-seq]

GSE309491 Homo sapiens (human) ChIP-seq / ATAC-seq (genome binding and open chromatin) 9 samples Submitted 2026/06/29 Platform GPL18573

At a glance

ChIP-seq / ATAC-seq (genome binding and open chromatin) · human · 9 samples

What it is: ChIP-seq / ATAC-seq (genome binding and open chromatin)Where proteins bind the genome, or which regions are open and active.
Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Samples: 9 samples: 9 samples, each with a distinct title — no replicated groupsGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get: A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.

Summary (written by the submitters)

The 9p21 locus encodes tumor suppressors p16INK4A and p14ARF (both encoded by CDKN2A), p15INK4B (CDKN2B), and a long non-coding RNA, ANRIL (CDKN2B-AS1). The ~1 megabase locus is notable for a high density of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with aging-related diseases and traits. Despite clear importance, our understanding of the the cell-type specific expression dynamics and cis-regulatory mechanisms of the 9p21 transcripts has been constrained by the complexity of the transcript structures, low expression, and severe alterations to the locus in cancer cell lines.

Read the full summary ↓

Here, we innovated custom computational and molecular tools to overcome these technical challenges and fill critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of 9p21 locus architecture and regulation of the 9p21 transcripts. Across tissues, we found that p15INK4b is the predominant transcript. We deconvolved the expression of the CDKN2A transcripts, p16INK4A and p14ARF, revealing stark differences in the expression of these overlapping but functionally distinct transcripts across tissues and cell types. Comparative analysis in a model of fibroblast senescence revealed a striking switch from preferential p14ARF expression in cycling cells, to p16INK4A and p15INK4b as cells age and senescence. Perturbation of putative cis regulatory elements nominated a network of promoters and enhancers that regulate p16INK4A, p14ARF, and p15INK4b and ANRIL. The identified elements are accessible in vivo, and can be used to guide studies into variant interpretation. Our systematic characterization of 9p21 transcript isoforms, promoters, and distal elements across cell states, in vivo tissues and senescence offers new mechanistic insights and a framework for future studies of this vital but poorly understood locus.

This dataset

Open GSE309491 in finder → Find more human ChIP / ATAC / CUT&Tag datasets →

Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

Series matrix ↓

2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE309491_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

All supplementary files ↗ Whole study · RAW.tar ↓

3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

Raw reads on ENA ↗

What the files usually look like: Look for peak files (.bed, .narrowPeak) and signal tracks (.bigWig) among the supplementary files; the raw reads are on ENA.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1336163 and SRA study SRP629457. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

NCBI GEO page ↗

Study design

9 samples, each with a distinct title — no replicated groups

Any grouping that defines a comparison lives in the sample characteristics, which GEO records separately from the titles.

How we read this: Read from 9 sample titles: 9 distinct titles with little repetition. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study

GSM9268080 WI-38 fibroblasts, PDL33, CTCF ChIP
GSM9268081 WI-38 fibroblasts, PDL33, CTCF ChIP, biological replicate
GSM9268082 WI-38 fibroblasts, PDL54, CTCF ChIP
GSM9268083 WI-38 fibroblasts, PDL33, H3K27ac ChIP
GSM9268084 WI-38 fibroblasts, PDL33, H3K27ac ChIP, biological replicate
GSM9268085 WI-38 fibroblasts, PDL54, H3K27ac ChIP
GSM9268086 WI-38 fibroblasts, PDL33, whole cell extract
GSM9268087 WI-38 fibroblasts, PDL33, whole cell extract, biological replicate
GSM9268088 WI-38 fibroblasts, PDL54, whole cell extract

Datasets on a similar topic

GSE309515 Independent cell type-specific expression and distal regulation of the 9p21 locus cell cycle regulators: p14ARF, p16INK4A, p15INK4A, and ANRIL 72 samples shares p16ink4a, p15ink4a, p14arf, anril, 9p21, type-specific, independent, regulators
GSE309511 Independent cell type-specific expression and distal regulation of the 9p21 locus cell cycle regulators: p14ARF, p16INK4A, p15INK4A, and ANRIL [CRISPR and scRNA-seq] 32 samples shares p16ink4a, p15ink4a, p14arf, anril, 9p21, type-specific, independent, regulators
GSE309498 Independent cell type-specific expression and distal regulation of the 9p21 locus cell cycle regulators: p14ARF, p16INK4A, p15INK4A, and ANRIL [scRNA-seq] 16 samples shares p16ink4a, p15ink4a, p14arf, anril, 9p21, type-specific, independent, regulators
GSE309495 Independent cell type-specific expression and distal regulation of the 9p21 locus cell cycle regulators: p14ARF, p16INK4A, p15INK4A, and ANRIL [RNA-seq] 7 samples shares p16ink4a, p15ink4a, p14arf, anril, 9p21, type-specific, independent, regulators
GSE270684 The EZH2 and EZH1 inhibitor valemetostat derepresses p16INK4a to induce early endomitotic exit in megakaryocytes [scATAC-Seq] 66 samples shares p16ink4a
GSE266210 Bulk RNA-sequencing results of p16INK4A-high and -low glioblastoma, IDH-wild type, grade 4. 11 samples shares p16ink4a
GSE270683 The EZH2 and EZH1 inhibitor valemetostat derepresses p16INK4a to induce early endomitotic exit in megakaryocytes [RNA-Seq] 6 samples shares p16ink4a
GSE65392 Circular non-coding RNA ANRIL modulates ribosomal RNA maturation and atherosclerosis in humans. 6 samples shares anril

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Metadata from NCBI GEO, cached and refreshed periodically — the NCBI page above is authoritative. Downloads link straight to NCBI/ENA; nothing is proxied through BioTransfer.