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Temporal regulation of human reactive astrocytes reveals their capacity for antigen presentation

GSE313768 Homo sapiens (human) RNA-seq (gene expression) 115 samples Submitted 2026/04/15 Platform GPL16791Platform GPL34284
At a glance

RNA-seq (gene expression) · human · 115 samples

What it is
RNA-seq (gene expression)Gene activity measured by sequencing. The summary does not mention single-cell work, so this is most likely bulk: one average per sample, the usual starting point for comparing groups.
Organism
Homo sapiens (human)
Samples
115 samples: 32 conditions, mostly with about 4 replicates eachGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get
A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Paper
Temporal regulation of human reactive astrocytes reveals their capacity for antigen presentationNeuron · 2026
Summary (written by the submitters)
Astrocytes adapt to injury and disease by entering reactive states with altered gene expression, morphology, and function, but we still do not know how these states evolve over time in human cells or whether they acquire immune effector properties. Using human cortical organoids (hCOs) and primary fetal cortical tissue, we mapped the temporal dynamics and plasticity of inflammatory human astrocytes.
Read the full summary ↓
Brief and prolonged exposure to inflammatory cytokines elicited robust, time-dependent changes in astrocyte transcriptomes and chromatin accessibility, and these exposures produced distinct acute and chronic reactive signatures. Despite these widespread genomic alterations, astrocytes that experienced either acute or chronic cytokine exposure reverted to a quiescent gene expression and chromatin state within days of cytokine withdrawal, which demonstrates a high degree of plasticity. Chronic inflammatory settings, but not acute ones, revealed a second layer of reactivity in which astrocytes induced major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) genes and surface MHCII protein. We validated MHCII expression and surface localization in primary human fetal astrocytes, in organotypic fetal cortical slices that include microglia, and in human brain tissue from patients with chronic inflammatory lesions. We propose that delayed MHCII emergence reflects progressive activation of interferon linked signaling in astrocytes, including low level interferon gamma production. Through co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry of MHCII complexes from TIC-treated fetal astrocytes we identified candidate MHCII-presented peptides and confirmed that astrocytes can process and display exogenous peptides derived from human fetal neurons.
Published in
Temporal regulation of human reactive astrocytes reveals their capacity for antigen presentation
Hill EJ, Sojka C, Sampson MM et al. · Neuron 2026 · PMID 41916282 · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2026.02.025
This dataset
Open GSE313768 in finder → Find more human RNA-seq datasets →
Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

Series matrix ↓
2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE313768_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

All supplementary files ↗ Whole study · RAW.tar ↓
3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

Raw reads on ENA ↗

What the files usually look like: For RNA-seq the counts are usually a table among the supplementary files (look for 'counts', 'expression', 'FPKM' or 'TPM' in the file name). The series matrix of a sequencing study is sometimes nearly empty.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1381562 and SRA study SRP655294. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

NCBI GEO page ↗ Paper (PMID 41916282) ↗
Study design
32 conditions, mostly with about 4 replicates each
hCO, d1tic, ×5 hCO, d7tic, ×5 hCO, d31tic, ×5 human fetal cells, d7con, hepaCAM+/MHCII-, ×5 human fetal cells, d2IFNy, hepaCAM+/MHCII-, ×5 human fetal cells, d2IFNy, hepaCAM+/MHCII+, ×5 hCO, d84tic, ×4 hCO, d7con withdrawal, ×4 +26 more

Supports a between-group comparison across 113 samples.

How we read this: 32 replicated groups read from 115 sample titles; they account for 113 of them. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study

+ 75 more — browse all 115 samples with per-sample file links →

Datasets on a similar topic

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