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Dual Immune Checkpoint Blockade Induces Distinct Systemic and Intratumoral Immune Activation in Recurrent Glioblastoma

GSE318645 Homo sapiens (human) RNA-seq (gene expression) 226 samples Submitted 2026/07/21 Platform GPL34284
At a glance

RNA-seq (gene expression) · human · 226 samples

What it is
RNA-seq (gene expression)Gene activity measured by sequencing. The summary does not mention single-cell work, so this is most likely bulk: one average per sample, the usual starting point for comparing groups.
Organism
Homo sapiens (human)
Topic
GlioblastomaThis series is part of our curated briefing on it.
Samples
226 samples: 226 samples, each with a distinct title — no replicated groupsGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get
A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Summary (written by the submitters)
We conducted a surgical window-of-opportunity trial (NCT04606316) in 63 patients with relapsed, resectable glioblastoma. Participants received either dual PD-1+CTLA-4 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with nivolumab+ipilimumab (Arm 1), nivolumab alone (Arm 2), or placebo (Arm 3) before resection. Following surgery, Arms 1 and 3 received dual ICB, while Arm 2 received nivolumab until progression or unacceptable toxicity.
Read the full summary ↓
Median overall survival was 402 days (95% CI, 265–543) in patients who received dual ICB and 276 days (95% CI, 166–698) for patients who received nivolumab alone. Dual ICB elicited robust intratumoral and systemic immune activation characterized by the highest tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) density and greater interferon-related gene expression in the blood. TIL density strongly correlated with survival outcomes, while tumor mutational burden did not. Blood transcriptional profiling revealed that early interferon signature upregulation after neoadjuvant therapy predicted improved survival, whereas sustained elevation during adjuvant treatment correlated with poorer outcomes. Our results demonstrate the clear pharmacodynamic activity of dual ICB in glioblastoma, with survival outcomes comparing favorably to similar studies.
This dataset
Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE318645_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

What the files usually look like: For RNA-seq the counts are usually a table among the supplementary files (look for 'counts', 'expression', 'FPKM' or 'TPM' in the file name). The series matrix of a sequencing study is sometimes nearly empty.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1419709 and SRA study SRP675180. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

Study design
226 samples, each with a distinct title — no replicated groups

Any grouping that defines a comparison lives in the sample characteristics, which GEO records separately from the titles.

How we read this: Read from 226 sample titles: 226 distinct titles with little repetition. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study

+ 186 more — browse all 226 samples with per-sample file links →

More Glioblastoma datasets

Search all human RNA-seq datasets in GEO →

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Metadata from NCBI GEO, cached and refreshed periodically — the NCBI page above is authoritative. Downloads link straight to NCBI/ENA; nothing is proxied through BioTransfer.