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Microglia Mitochondria Support Neuronal Maturation via Metabolic and Transcriptional Reprogramming in Human 3D In Vitro Brain Model

GSE319314 Homo sapiens (human) RNA-seq (gene expression) 23 samples Submitted 2026/02/16 Platform GPL24676
At a glance

RNA-seq (gene expression) · human · 23 samples

What it is
RNA-seq (gene expression)Gene activity measured by sequencing. The summary does not mention single-cell work, so this is most likely bulk: one average per sample, the usual starting point for comparing groups.
Organism
Homo sapiens (human)
Samples
23 samples: 6 × mt-EBFP2 HMC3 3D Culture, Control vs 6 × mt-DsRed2 hiNSCs - mt-EBFP2 HMC3 3D Culture, Control vs 6 × mt-DsRed2 hiNSCs 3D Culture treated w/ mt isolated from mt-EBFP2 HMC3 3D Culture, Control vs 5 × Untreated mt-DsRed2 hiNSCs 3D Culture, ControlGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get
A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Paper
Microglia Mitochondria Support Neuronal Maturation via Metabolic and Transcriptional Reprogramming in Human 3D In Vitro Brain ModelAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
Summary (written by the submitters)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by disrupted neuronal circuit maturation. Emerging evidence implicates microglial function and mitochondrial regulation as contributors to ASD-associated biology, yet the mechanisms linking these processes to neuronal development remain poorly defined.
Read the full summary ↓
Neuronal maturation requires tightly coordinated metabolic and transcriptional remodeling, in which mitochondria play a central role in regulating the developmental tempo and metabolic identity, while microglia modulate neuronal synaptic network maturation; however, whether microglia influence neuronal development through direct mitochondrial contributions remains unknown. Here, using a 3D human in vitro brain model, we show that microglial mitochondria can act as transferable cues that promote metabolic, mitochondria-dynamic, and transcriptional aspects of neuronal maturation. Neurons treated with microglial mitochondria exhibited enhanced oxidative metabolism, improved mitochondrial dynamics, and activation of gene programs associated with nervous system development and neurogenesis. These effects were accompanied by increased expression of dendritic maturation markers, supporting the view that transferred mitochondria can contribute to the regulation of neuronal state. However, full structural and synaptic maturation required the combined action of microglia-derived mitochondria and secreted signaling factors. Together, this study identified microglial mitochondrial transfer as a contributor to neuronal maturation with potential relevance to developmental trajectories disrupted in ASD.
Published in
Microglia Mitochondria Support Neuronal Maturation via Metabolic and Transcriptional Reprogramming in Human 3D In Vitro Brain Model
Sterben SP, Anamala CC, Kansakar SBS et al. · Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2026 · PMID 41823577 · doi:10.1002/advs.202508815
This dataset
Open GSE319314 in finder → Find more human RNA-seq datasets →
Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

Series matrix ↓
2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE319314_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

All supplementary files ↗ Whole study · RAW.tar ↓
3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

Raw reads on ENA ↗

What the files usually look like: For RNA-seq the counts are usually a table among the supplementary files (look for 'counts', 'expression', 'FPKM' or 'TPM' in the file name). The series matrix of a sequencing study is sometimes nearly empty.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1422813 and SRA study SRP676607. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

NCBI GEO page ↗ Paper (PMID 41823577) ↗
Study design
6 × mt-EBFP2 HMC3 3D Culture, Control vs 6 × mt-DsRed2 hiNSCs - mt-EBFP2 HMC3 3D Culture, Control vs 6 × mt-DsRed2 hiNSCs 3D Culture treated w/ mt isolated from mt-EBFP2 HMC3 3D Culture, Control vs 5 × Untreated mt-DsRed2 hiNSCs 3D Culture, Control

Supports a between-group comparison across 23 samples.

How we read this: 4 replicated groups read from 23 sample titles; they account for 23 of them. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study
Datasets on a similar topic

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