GEO series

Suppression of antiviral innate immunity by the COX2-PGE2-PKA signaling axis by inhibiting the cytosolic mtDNA-dependent activation of STING

GSE324662 Homo sapiens (human) RNA-seq (gene expression) 12 samples Submitted 2026/03/16 Platform GPL34284

At a glance

RNA-seq (gene expression) · human · 12 samples

What it is: RNA-seq (gene expression)Gene activity measured by sequencing. The summary does not mention single-cell work, so this is most likely bulk: one average per sample, the usual starting point for comparing groups.
Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Samples: 12 samples: 3 × THP-1 macrophage_vehicle vs 3 × THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1 vs 3 × THP-1 macrophage_PGE2 vs 3 × THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1_PGE2Groups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get: A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.

Summary (written by the submitters)

The innate immune cGAS-STING pathway is activated by cytosolic doubled-stranded DNA (dsDNA) to induce type I interferon response, which is essential for antiviral and antitumor immunity. However, intrinsic STING activation during viral infection or within the tumor microenvironment is often insufficient to achieve complete viral clearance or tumor regression, indicating the presence of additional mechanisms that evades its activity.

Read the full summary ↓

Here, we identified COX2/PGE2 as an intrinsic negative regulator of STING activation, particularly in response to cytosolic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) generated during HSV-1 infection. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that PGE2 signals through the EP4-PKA axis to induce mitophagy and facilitate the clearance of immunostimulatory cytosolic mtDNA, thereby dampening STING-mediated antiviral response. Furthermore, we discovered STOML2 as a direct downstream target of PKA, thereby linking mitochondrial quality control to innate immune signaling. Together, our findings established the COX2/PGE2/PKA axis as an intrinsic negative regulator of STING signaling, which may be targeted to potentiate STING-mediated antiviral and antitumor immunity.

This dataset

Open GSE324662 in finder → Find more human RNA-seq datasets →

Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

Series matrix ↓

2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE324662_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

All supplementary files ↗ Whole study · RAW.tar ↓

3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

Raw reads on ENA ↗

What the files usually look like: For RNA-seq the counts are usually a table among the supplementary files (look for 'counts', 'expression', 'FPKM' or 'TPM' in the file name). The series matrix of a sequencing study is sometimes nearly empty.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1436522 and SRA study SRP683177. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

NCBI GEO page ↗

Study design

3 × THP-1 macrophage_vehicle vs 3 × THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1 vs 3 × THP-1 macrophage_PGE2 vs 3 × THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1_PGE2

Supports a between-group comparison across 12 samples.

How we read this: 4 replicated groups read from 12 sample titles; they account for 12 of them. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study

GSM9581857 THP-1 macrophage_vehicle_rep1 THP-1 macrophage_vehicle
GSM9581858 THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1_rep1 THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1
GSM9581859 THP-1 macrophage_PGE2_rep1 THP-1 macrophage_PGE2
GSM9581860 THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1_PGE2_rep1 THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1_…
GSM9581861 THP-1 macrophage_vehicle_rep2 THP-1 macrophage_vehicle
GSM9581862 THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1_rep2 THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1
GSM9581863 THP-1 macrophage_PGE2_rep2 THP-1 macrophage_PGE2
GSM9581864 THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1_PGE2_rep2 THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1_…
GSM9581865 THP-1 macrophage_vehicle_rep3 THP-1 macrophage_vehicle
GSM9581866 THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1_rep3 THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1
GSM9581867 THP-1 macrophage_PGE2_rep3 THP-1 macrophage_PGE2
GSM9581868 THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1_PGE2_rep3 THP-1 macrophage_HSV-1_…

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Metadata from NCBI GEO, cached and refreshed periodically — the NCBI page above is authoritative. Downloads link straight to NCBI/ENA; nothing is proxied through BioTransfer.