The Transcription Factor TCF21 is Necessary for Adoption of Cell Fates by Foxd1+ Stromal Progenitors during Kidney Development

The stromal compartment of the developing kidney arises from Foxd1-expressing progenitors and gives rise to diverse cell types essential for nephrogenesis, including the renal stroma, capsule, mesangial cells, renin cells, pericytes, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the molecular mechanisms guiding their fate specification remain incompletely defined. Here, we identify the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Tcf21 as a critical determinant of stromal cell identity during kidney development. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on Foxd1-lineage cells isolated from embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) Tcf21 conditional knockout (Tcf21-cKO) Foxd1Cre/+;Rosa26mTmG;Tcf21f/f and control kidneys, revealing seven transcriptionally distinct stromal subpopulations. Loss of Tcf21 resulted in marked depletion of Medullary/Perivascular stroma, Collecting duct associated stroma, Proliferating stroma, and Nephrogenic zone associated subpopulations, confirmed by immunostaining, which revealed severe constriction of medullary and collecting duct stromal spaces. Additionally, we identified a novel cluster unique to Tcf21-cKO kidneys, characterized by high expression of Endomucin (Emcn). These cells spanned pseudotime trajectories and were distributed broadly across the mutant kidney. These findings were corroborated by E14.5 single-cell ATAC sequencing (scATAC-seq), which confirmed altered chromatin accessibility in Tcf21-deficient stroma. To assess the persistence and downstream impact of these defects, we performed bulk and scRNA-seq at E18.5, revealing sustained expansion of Emcn+ cells with pro-fibrotic and perivascular transcriptional programs. Histological analyses at 2 months demonstrated lasting architectural disruption, interstitial fibrosis, and impaired renal function in Tcf21-cKO mice. Our results identify Tcf21 as a key regulator of stromal progenitor fate and establish a developmental origin for fibrotic remodeling and kidney dysfunction.