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A CSF Disease-Associated Macrophage Signature defines Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [Frozen]

GSE327243 Homo sapiens (human) Single-cell RNA-seq 25 samples Submitted 2026/05/17 Platform GPL30173
At a glance

Single-cell RNA-seq · human · 25 samples

What it is
Single-cell RNA-seqGene activity measured in thousands of individual cells, so cell types can be told apart. Read from the summary: GEO's own type field only says 'expression profiling by sequencing', so confirm it in the paper.
Organism
Homo sapiens (human)
Samples
25 samples: 9 × human_CSF_RMS vs 8 × human_CSF_Ctrl vs 5 × human_CSF_PPMS vs 3 × human_CSF_SPMSGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get
A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Paper
A CSF disease-associated macrophage signature defines progressive multiple sclerosisJournal of neuroinflammation · 2026
Summary (written by the submitters)
Objective: Progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) often corresponds to irreversible disability in MS patients. Cellular changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have provided biomarkers and mechanisms in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) but remain understudied in primary and secondary progressive MS (summarized herein as PMS). Methods: We combined retrospective flow cytometry of CSF cells from RRMS (n = 169), PMS (n = 56), and non-inflammatory controls (n = 74) with prospective CSF single-cell transcriptomics of 35 individuals (11 controls, 12 RRMS, and 12 PMS) and with confirmatory CSF ELISA.
Read the full summary ↓
Available CSF single cell data from age-matched and Alzheimer’s disease served as additional controls. Results: Proportions of CD14+ monocytes in CSF are increased in PMS and correlated with clinical surrogate markers of progression. Transcriptionally, these monocytes resembled border-associated macrophages (BAM)-like cells with a chronically activated antigen-presenting phenotype. Additionally, these monocytes shared some features with disease-associated microglia/macrophages (DAM), previously identified in neurodegeneration. Induction of DAM-associated molecules, including transcribed and soluble TREM2, was unique to SPMS and supported its differential diagnosis. Interpretation: We thus identified MS stage-specific CSF signatures and shared cellular features of degeneration detectable in CSF of PMS patients.
Published in
A CSF disease-associated macrophage signature defines progressive multiple sclerosis
Börsch AL, Riethues F, Schulte-Mecklenbeck A et al. · Journal of neuroinflammation 2026 · PMID 42129775 · doi:10.1186/s12974-026-03861-9
This dataset
Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE327243_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

What the files usually look like: Single-cell studies usually ship their counts as 10x files (matrix.mtx, barcodes.tsv, features.tsv), an .h5 file, or an .rds / .h5ad object that Seurat or Scanpy can open. Look for those among the supplementary files.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1450035 and SRA study SRP689887. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

Study design
9 × human_CSF_RMS vs 8 × human_CSF_Ctrl vs 5 × human_CSF_PPMS vs 3 × human_CSF_SPMS

Supports a between-group comparison across 25 samples.

How we read this: 4 replicated groups read from 25 sample titles; they account for 25 of them. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study
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