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FGF-2 signaling dominates in TGF-β1/FGF-2–primed nasoseptal chondrocytes for cartilage tissue engineering

GSE329525 Homo sapiens (human) RNA-seq (gene expression) 9 samples Submitted 2026/07/31 Platform GPL30173
At a glance

RNA-seq (gene expression) · human · 9 samples

What it is
RNA-seq (gene expression)Gene activity measured by sequencing. The summary does not mention single-cell work, so this is most likely bulk: one average per sample, the usual starting point for comparing groups.
Organism
Homo sapiens (human)
Samples
9 samples: 9 samples, each with a distinct title — no replicated groupsGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get
A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Summary (written by the submitters)
For nasal reconstruction and the repair of articular cartilage lesions, autologous nasal septal cartilage (NSC) is a promising cell source for engineering hyaline cartilage. However, the low cell yield and high variability of cartilage quality between patients limit clinical scalability. Human NSC were isolated from tissue by enzymatic digestion, and after two passages, were treated with 1 ng/mL transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), 5 ng/mL fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), or both factors together.
Read the full summary ↓
Some cells were collected for molecular analyses before 3 weeks of chondrogenic differentiation, after which pellets were subjected to morphological, mechanical, histological, immunofluorescence, and biochemical analyses. Dual-priming resulted in the highest cumulative population doubling, followed by FGF-2, then TGF-β1. Treatment-dependent differences in cartilage matrix-forming genes largely converged in 3D constructs and showed little correlation, demonstrating the profound influence of culture system on gene expression. FGF-2-treated cells formed larger pellets by area and wet weight, followed by dual-primed cells, with TGF-β1-treated cells forming the smallest pellets with slightly higher Safranin-O staining intensity by area. Between dual-primed and TGF-β1-primed cells, bulk, unbiased RNA sequencing reveals extensive modulation of genes involved in mitotic/chromosome/DNA-maintenance programs, ECM/adhesion/cytoskeletal rewiring, and cell signalling. Principal component analysis demonstrates that, compared to TGF-β1 treatment, dual-priming results in much greater transcriptomic similarity with FGF-2-treated cells. We discuss the interacting regulator effects between both growth factors in driving the phenotype observed under combined treatment. Altogether, our analysis of regulated intracellular signalling pathways and growth factor interactions at the molecular level provides novel, foundational insights into cartilage biology that are essential for advancing tissue engineering strategies and optimizing clinical outcomes.
This dataset
Open GSE329525 in finder → Find more human RNA-seq datasets →
Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

Series matrix ↓
2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE329525_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

All supplementary files ↗ Whole study · RAW.tar ↓
3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

Raw reads on ENA ↗

What the files usually look like: For RNA-seq the counts are usually a table among the supplementary files (look for 'counts', 'expression', 'FPKM' or 'TPM' in the file name). The series matrix of a sequencing study is sometimes nearly empty.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1459423 and SRA study SRP696059. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

NCBI GEO page ↗
Study design
9 samples, each with a distinct title — no replicated groups

Any grouping that defines a comparison lives in the sample characteristics, which GEO records separately from the titles.

How we read this: Read from 9 sample titles: 9 distinct titles with little repetition. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study
Datasets on a similar topic

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Metadata from NCBI GEO, cached and refreshed periodically — the NCBI page above is authoritative. Downloads link straight to NCBI/ENA; nothing is proxied through BioTransfer.