Glutamate Ionotropic Kainate Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in Enzalutamide-Resistant and Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer

Treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) is the major form of re-sistance to androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSI) in advanced prostate cancer, characterized by extremely pronounced invasiveness and lineage plasticity. Through in-depth analysis of clinical cohorts, we found that glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate (GRIK) family members, specifically GRIK2 and GRIK5, are highly expressed in neural lineage plastic prostate cancer cells, NEPC patient derived xenografts, and NEPC patient samples. Their expression positively correlates with neuroendocrine markers and inversely correlates with androgen receptor (AR) activity. Additionally, functional analyses indicated that AR has a direct transcriptional inhibitory effect on GRIK2 and GRIK5, and the absence of AR signaling leads to the upregulation of GRIK2 and GRIK5. Further RNA sequence analysis exhibited that GRIK5 silencing repro-grams the cellular transcriptome, resulting in significant downregulation of AR sig-naling and fatty acid metabolism, while simultaneously activating immune and in-flammatory responses in enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer cells. In both cell line and NEPC organoid models, loss of GRIK5 impairs proliferation and clonogenic for-mation. Notably, GRIK5 also contributes to enzalutamide resistance. Pharmacological evaluation revealed that Pan-GRIK antagonists exhibit anti-tumor activity, although the required relatively high concentrations suggest that more potent therapeutic strategies should be developed. Collectively, this study established GRIK family mem-bers play critical roles in enzalutamide resistance and NEPC progression, highlighting GRIK signaling as a potential therapeutic target for overcoming lineage plasticity in prostate cancer.