Developmental trajectory and evolutionary origin of thymic mimetic cells [dataset 1]

The generation of self-tolerant repertoires of T cells depends on the expression of peripheral self antigens in the thymic epithelium, and the presence of small populations of cells mimicking the diverse phenotypes of peripheral tissues. Whereas the molecular underpinnings of self-antigen expression have been extensively studied, the developmental origins and differentiation pathways of thymic mimetic cells remain to be identified. Moreover, the histological identification of myoid and other peripheral cell types as components of the thymic microenvironment of many vertebrate species raises questions as to the evolutionary origin of this unique tolerance mechanism. Here, we show that during mouse development, mimetic cells appear in the microenvironment in two successive waves. Cells exhibiting transcriptional signatures characteristic of muscle, ionocyte, goblet and ciliated cells emerge before birth, whereas others, for instance those mimicking enterohepatic cells and skin keratinocytes appear postnatally. These two groups also respond differently to modulations of TEC progenitor pools caused by deletions of Foxn1 and Ascl1, expression of a hypomorphic Foxn1 transcription factor, and overexpression of Bmp4 and Fgf7 signalling molecules. Differences in mimetic cell populations were also observed in thymic microenvironments reconstructed by replacement of mouse Foxn1 with evolutionarily ancient Foxn1/4 gene family members, including the Foxn4 gene of the cephalochordate amphioxus, and the Foxn4 and Foxn1 genes of a cartilaginous fish. Whereas some cell types, such as ciliated cells, develop in the thymus in the absence of Foxn1, mimetic cells appearing postnatally, such as enterohepatic cells, require the activity of the vertebrate-specific transcription factor Foxn1. The thymus of cartilaginous fishes and the thymoid of lampreys, a representative of jawless vertebrates that exhibit an alternative adaptive immune system, also harbour cells expressing genes encoding peripheral tissue components, such as the liver-specific protein transthyretin. Our findings suggest an evolutionary model of successive changes of thymic epithelial genetic networks enabling the coordinated contribution of peripheral antigen expression and mimetic cell formation to achieve central tolerance for vertebrate-specific innovations of certain tissues, such as the liver.