Conventional dendritic cells of lymphoid origin with a preferential distribution to barrier tissues [donor cDCs_RNA-seq]

Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) regulate adaptive immunity. Although cDCs emerged with the evolution of adaptive immunity, it is considered that most cDCs are of myeloid origin (M-cDCs). Using a lymphoid progenitor-tracking system, we identify novel cDCs of lymphoid origin (L-cDCs) in a steady state. Notably, L-cDC2s are predominantly distributed in barrier tissues such as the lungs and skin. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that the distribution and gene expression patterns of L-cDC clusters are very similar to M-cDC clusters, except for the enrichment of lymphocyte-signature genes in L-cDCs. Importantly, we identified lymphoid-derived pre-DCs and lymphocyte-primed cDC precursors as sources of L-cDCs. Compared with M-cDC2s, L-cDC2s weakly primed T cells under low-dose antigen stimulation and preferentially promoted Th2 differentiation under sufficient antigenic stimulation. These results suggest the developmental diversity of cDCs and imply the contribution of L-cDCs to tolerance and hyper-responses to Th2-related antigens in barrier tissues.