Targeting pyruvate metabolism generates distinct CD8+ T cell responses to gammaherpesvirus and B lymphoma

T cells rely on different metabolic pathways to differentiate into effector or memory cells, and metabolic intervention is a promising strategy to optimize T cell function for immunotherapy. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is a nexus between glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism, regulating pyruvate conversion either to lactate or acetyl-CoA. Here, we retrovirally transduced pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) or pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 1 (PDP1), which control PDH activity, into CD8+ T cells to test effects on T cell function. Although PDK1 and PDP1 were expected to influence PDH in opposing directions, by several criteria they induced similar changes relative to control T cells. Seahorse metabolic flux assays showed both groups exhibited increased glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Both groups had improved primary and memory recall responses following infection with murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV-68). However, metabolomics using labeled fuels indicated differential usage of key fuels by metabolic pathways. Importantly, after B cell lymphoma challenge the engineered CD8+ T cells produced smaller effector populations in the tumor, resulting in larger tumors and poorer survival compared with control cells. Overall, this study indicates that PDK1 and PDP1 both enhance metabolic capacity, but the context of the antigenic challenge significantly influences the consequences for T cell function.