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Skatole attenuates osteoarthritis by protecting chondrocytes and mediating macrophage repolarization through regulating the NFκB/MAPK signaling pathway and metabolic reprogramming II

GSE283748 Mus musculus (mouse) ChIP-seq / ATAC-seq (genome binding and open chromatin) 10 samples Submitted 2025/02/12 Platform GPL24247
At a glance

ChIP-seq / ATAC-seq (genome binding and open chromatin) · mouse · 10 samples

What it is
ChIP-seq / ATAC-seq (genome binding and open chromatin)Where proteins bind the genome, or which regions are open and active.
Organism
Mus musculus (mouse)
Samples
10 samples: 3 × macrophages D vs 3 × macrophages D+L vs 3 × macrophages L+SGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get
A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Paper
Skatole Alleviates Osteoarthritis by Reprogramming Macrophage Polarization and Protecting ChondrocytesResearch (Washington, D.C.) · 2025
Summary (written by the submitters)
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease, but there are currently no disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) yet approved by the regulatory agencies. Regulating macrophage polarization can alleviate synovial inflammation and then repair articular cartilage damage, providing a new target for OA treatment. Here, we found that Skatole can modulate macrophage polarization and attenuate OA.
Read the full summary ↓
Skatole hindered M1 macrophage polarization while promoting M2 macrophage polarization. Mechanistically, Skatole activated Stat6, suppressed the phosphorylation of IKK, IκBα, and p65 in NFκB signaling pathway, and inhibited MAPK signaling activation. RNA-seq analysis revealed that Skatole downregulated the expression of inflammation-related genes, while upregulating genes involved in glutathione metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation, thereby reducing ROS levels and inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization. Moreover, conditional medium (CM) from M1 macrophages treated with Skatole balanced anabolism and catabolism in mouse chondrocytes while inhibiting cell apoptosis. Intriguingly, in IL1β-treated chondrocytes, Skatole directly suppressed inflammation and catabolism, without significantly affecting cell apoptosis or anabolism; In vivo experiments showed that Skatole increased M2 polarization and decreased M1 polarization of synovial macrophages, alleviated synovitis, and lessend articular cartilage damage in destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM)-induced OA mice. Our finding suggest that Skatole has the potential to function as a DMOAD.
Published in
Skatole Alleviates Osteoarthritis by Reprogramming Macrophage Polarization and Protecting Chondrocytes
Wang W, Chu Y, Lu Y et al. · Research (Washington, D.C.) 2025 · PMID 39902346 · doi:10.34133/research.0604
This dataset
Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE283748_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

What the files usually look like: Look for peak files (.bed, .narrowPeak) and signal tracks (.bigWig) among the supplementary files; the raw reads are on ENA.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1195129 and SRA study SRP549860. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

Study design
3 × macrophages D vs 3 × macrophages D+L vs 3 × macrophages L+S

Supports a between-group comparison across 9 samples.

How we read this: 3 replicated groups read from 10 sample titles; they account for 9 of them. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study
Datasets on a similar topic

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