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Improving “mice with natural microbiota” model through controlled microbial exposure

GSE284503 Mus musculus (mouse) RNA-seq (gene expression) 9 samples Submitted 2026/08/04 Platform GPL34290
At a glance

RNA-seq (gene expression) · mouse · 9 samples

What it is
RNA-seq (gene expression)Gene activity measured by sequencing. The summary does not mention single-cell work, so this is most likely bulk: one average per sample, the usual starting point for comparing groups.
Organism
Mus musculus (mouse)
Samples
9 samples: 3 × gav vs 3 × gaf vs 3 × spfGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get
A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Paper
A gavage-fomite based method to generate mouse models with natural microbiotabioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
Summary (written by the submitters)
Laboratory-raised specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice have been indispensable for fundamental scientific research, yet their reliability in predicting human clinical outcomes has been questionable. A major factor contributing to this disconnect is the sanitized housing environment, which deprives laboratory mice of physiological microbial exposure critical for immune maturation.
Read the full summary ↓
Various approaches have been developed to introduce microbes to SPF mice, aiming to mimic human-like microbial experiences and engender adult human-like immune traits. However, many of these methods suffer from significant variability in pathogen exposure and mortality, driven by the uncontrolled nature of microbial exchange. Here we present a simple gavage-fomite (GaF) method that provides controlled exposure to a diverse array of pathogens and commensal while limiting mortality. GaF-treated mice exhibited consistent microbial exposure histories, robust immune maturation characterized by mucosal T-cell distribution and elevated serum inflammatory cytokines, and a systemic immune transcriptional signature closely aligned with that of adult humans. Furthermore, these mice demonstrated enhanced protection against a virulent bacterial challenge. The improved reproducibility, simplicity and effectiveness of the GaF method provides a valuable tool for generating “mice with natural microbiota”, enabling widespread adoption and advancement of both basic and translational research across institutions.
Published in
A gavage-fomite based method to generate mouse models with natural microbiota
Han G, Hasan MH, Adesioye O et al. · bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2026 · PMID 42367871 · doi:10.64898/2026.06.15.732393
This dataset
Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE284503_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

What the files usually look like: For RNA-seq the counts are usually a table among the supplementary files (look for 'counts', 'expression', 'FPKM' or 'TPM' in the file name). The series matrix of a sequencing study is sometimes nearly empty.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1199442 and SRA study SRP552080. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

Study design
3 × gav vs 3 × gaf vs 3 × spf

Supports a between-group comparison across 9 samples.

How we read this: 3 replicated groups read from 9 sample titles; they account for 9 of them. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study
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Metadata from NCBI GEO, cached and refreshed periodically — the NCBI page above is authoritative. Downloads link straight to NCBI/ENA; nothing is proxied through BioTransfer.