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Clonal CD8+ T Cells Populate the Leptomeninges and Coordinate with Immune Cells in Human Degenerative Brain Diseases

GSE288856 Homo sapiens (human) Single-cell RNA-seq 113 samples Submitted 2025/11/24 Platform GPL24676
At a glance

Single-cell RNA-seq · human · 113 samples

What it is
Single-cell RNA-seqGene activity measured in thousands of individual cells, so cell types can be told apart. Read from the summary: GEO's own type field only says 'expression profiling by sequencing', so confirm it in the paper.
Organism
Homo sapiens (human)
Samples
113 samples: 113 samples, each with a distinct title — no replicated groupsGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get
A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Paper
Clonal CD8(+) T cells populate the leptomeninges and coordinate with immune cells in human degenerative brain diseasesNature immunology · 2026
Summary (written by the submitters)
Meningeal immune cells monitor the central nervous system (CNS) and influence neuroinflammation in mice, but the human leptomeningeal immune landscape and the changes that occur in this immunological niche in neurodegeneration remain underexplored.
Read the full summary ↓
We performed single-cell RNA and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of 99,625 high-quality immune cells from 57 leptomeninges and brain samples from donors with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease and found that while the leptomeninges are home to highly clonally expanded CD8 tissue-resident memory (TRM) T cells, the maximal level of clonal expansion was decreased in AD in comparison to non-neurodegenerative controls. Intra-patient paired tissue analysis further revealed that brain and leptomeningeal TCR repertoires share significant similarities, but tissue-specific clones emerge in AD. Finally in AD, the degree of CD8 TRM clonal expansion was positively correlated with microglial TGFB2, suggesting that brain and leptomeningeal immune cells coordinate their activities in AD. In addition to identifying key inflammatory dynamics in the human degenerating CNS, this study establishes a foundational resource for future studies that could inform treatment for AD and other neuroinflammatory diseases.
Published in
Clonal CD8(+) T cells populate the leptomeninges and coordinate with immune cells in human degenerative brain diseases
Hobson R, Levy SHS, Singal CMS et al. · Nature immunology 2026 · PMID 41593242 · doi:10.1038/s41590-025-02401-6
This dataset
Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE288856_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

What the files usually look like: Single-cell studies usually ship their counts as 10x files (matrix.mtx, barcodes.tsv, features.tsv), an .h5 file, or an .rds / .h5ad object that Seurat or Scanpy can open. Look for those among the supplementary files.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1219638 and SRA study SRP561816. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

Study design
113 samples, each with a distinct title — no replicated groups

Any grouping that defines a comparison lives in the sample characteristics, which GEO records separately from the titles.

How we read this: Read from 113 sample titles: 113 distinct titles with little repetition. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study

+ 73 more — browse all 113 samples with per-sample file links →

Datasets on a similar topic

Search all human RNA-seq datasets in GEO →

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Metadata from NCBI GEO, cached and refreshed periodically — the NCBI page above is authoritative. Downloads link straight to NCBI/ENA; nothing is proxied through BioTransfer.