Exploring the Vestibulocerebellum- Vestibular Nuclei - Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus Causals communication and TRPV2 ion channel in vestibular migraine pathogenesis

Background Vestibular migraine (VM) is a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of dizziness or vertigo and is often accompanied by headache. The mechanisms underlying vestibular dysfunction and pain in VM remain unclear. Methods Chronic migraine (CM) and VM models were induced by NTG and kainic acid, respectively. Behavioral assessments were conducted to evaluate vestibular dysfunction and pain in the VM and CM models. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine peripheral receptor impairment. Immunofluorescence, including staining for Cellular Proto-oncogene (c-Fos), Neuronal Nuclei (NeuN), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), identified activated brain regions such as the cortex, midbrain, and cerebellum. Multiplex immunohistochemistry and cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) tracing were performed to analyze nuclear heterogeneity and neural communication. Additionally, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) immunostaining were used to investigate ion channel expression in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5c). Results CM and VM-related behaviors, such as allodynia and balance disturbance, were successfully reproduced in mouse model. TEM revealed significant damage to peripheral sensory receptors, particularly in the trigeminal ganglion and cochlear cells. Distinct activation patterns of c-Fos and CGRP were observed in VMs and CMs. CTB tracing confirmed that signals are transmitted from the vestibulocerebellum (VbC) to the Sp5c via the vestibular nuclei (VN). Furthermore, RNA-Seq combined with coimmunostaining revealed an increased expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) ion channels in microglia within Sp5c, indicating their potential role in VM pathology. Conclusions This study preliminarily explored VbC-VN-Sp5c communication and identified TRPV2 ion channels in microglia as key players in neuron-glia crosstalk in VM. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying vestibular migraine and suggest potential therapeutic targets.