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Single-cell transcriptomics of bronchoalveolar lavage reveals divergent macrophage subpopulations and trajectories in interstitial lung disease

GSE296682 Homo sapiens (human) Single-cell RNA-seq 9 samples Submitted 2026/05/05 Platform GPL24676
At a glance

Single-cell RNA-seq · human · 9 samples

What it is
Single-cell RNA-seqGene activity measured in thousands of individual cells, so cell types can be told apart.
Organism
Homo sapiens (human)
Samples
9 samples: 4 × BAL_scRNA_Sample vs 3 × RZ734_Pool vs 2 × RZ725_PoolGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get
A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Paper
Single-cell transcriptomics of bronchoalveolar lavage reveals divergent macrophage subpopulations and trajectories in interstitial lung diseasePloS one · 2026
Summary (written by the submitters)
RATIONALE: Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) encompass a diverse range of fibrotic conditions and contribute to significant respiratory morbidity and mortality. Assessment of the cellular composition of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is an important diagnostic test in people presenting with ILD, but BAL cellularity remains relatively uncharacterized at single-cell resolution.
Read the full summary ↓
OBJECTIVE: To characterize immune cell populations in BAL across different ILDs and investigate the impact of shortened peripheral blood leukocyte telomere length on BAL immune profiles. METHODS: Single-cell RNA sequencing and downstream analysis were performed on BAL samples from 25 patients with various ILDs, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), hypersensitivity pneumonitis, sarcoidosis, and silicosis. Both normal-telomere and short-telomere patients were included. Additionally, we integrated our findings with IPF genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. RESULTS: We identified sixteen distinct cell populations in BAL with notable differences across ILD subtypes. Analysis revealed six monocyte-like macrophage (MLM) subclusters following divergent trajectories: inflammatory CXCL10hi MLMs predominated in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, while pro-fibrotic SPP1hi MLMs were significantly expanded in IPF. Short-telomere patients demonstrated an increased proportion of pro-fibrotic SPP1hi MLMs with enhanced expression of fibrotic genes compared to patients with normal telomere length. Integration with genomic data confirmed that SPP1hi and CCL2hi MLM subclusters harbour cells with the highest IPF disease relevance scores. CONCLUSION: BAL-derived transcriptomics reveals distinct myeloid subpopulations across ILD subtypes, with specific populations associated with disease pathogenesis. These findings provide insight into ILD pathogenesis, motivate the development of more sophisticated diagnostic tests using BAL sampling, and highlight specific myeloid subpopulations as potential therapeutic targets.
Published in
Single-cell transcriptomics of bronchoalveolar lavage reveals divergent macrophage subpopulations and trajectories in interstitial lung disease
Zhang LY, Allen PC, Lutzky VP et al. · PloS one 2026 · PMID 42054404 · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0347852
This dataset
Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE296682_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

What the files usually look like: Single-cell studies usually ship their counts as 10x files (matrix.mtx, barcodes.tsv, features.tsv), an .h5 file, or an .rds / .h5ad object that Seurat or Scanpy can open. Look for those among the supplementary files.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1260524 and SRA study SRP583965. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

Study design
4 × BAL_scRNA_Sample vs 3 × RZ734_Pool vs 2 × RZ725_Pool

Supports a between-group comparison across 9 samples.

How we read this: 3 replicated groups read from 9 sample titles; they account for 9 of them. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study
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