Heterogenous microglial reactivity contrasts with stable vascular transcriptional programs in mouse models of Alzheimer’s, CADASIL, and Traumatic Brain Injury (Main dataset)

The extent to which the cerebrovasculature is affected in various brain disorders is still not well understood. To address this, we established a transcriptomic repository of major vascular cell types and microglia to compare the transcriptomic response in mouse models of three human brain disorders linked to neuroinflammation and associated vascular reactivity: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Single-cell analysis of >250,000 cells at different disease stages led to identification of two previously unknown vascular cell subtypes, expanded the endothelial zonation spectrum and allowed for a detailed analysis of the molecular responses in the vascular cells and microglia. Surprisingly, all vascular cell types remained transcriptomically normal across the three conditions, while microglia exhibited significant, disease-specific transcriptional changes. Notably, microglial responses converged between late-stage TBI and AD, offering new insights into the predisposition for neurodegeneration following TBI.