Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics of A-P and D-V patterned human trunk embryoid model (hTEM)

Human embryoid models enable mechanistic studies of development and disease. We generated trunk embryoids from human pluripotent stem cells that recapitulate posterior trunk formation at Carnegie stage (CS) 8-10, with patterned anterior-posterior (A-P) and dorsal-ventral (D-V) axes. These self-organizing structures comprise a ventral notochord, dorsal neural tube, floor plate and bilateral somites. Genetic and chemical perturbations of SHH signaling confirmed the notochord’s central role in D-V patterning. Moreover, VANGL1/2 loss-of-function mutations recapitulated mouse phenotypes, including axial truncation and somite segmentation failure. This model enables detailed study of key developmental events that underlie posterior trunk formation and provides a promising platform for human disease modeling.