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Fetal growth restriction leads to prolonged nephrogenesis and persistent developmental gene dysregulation in the adult kidney

GSE320330 Mus musculus (mouse) RNA-seq (gene expression) 18 samples Submitted 2026/03/03 Platform GPL24247
At a glance

RNA-seq (gene expression) · mouse · 18 samples

What it is
RNA-seq (gene expression)Gene activity measured by sequencing. The summary does not mention single-cell work, so this is most likely bulk: one average per sample, the usual starting point for comparing groups.
Organism
Mus musculus (mouse)
Samples
18 samples: 5 × Male low protein (LP, M), RNAseq, vs 5 × Female low protein (LP, F), RNAseq, vs 5 × Male normal protein (NP, M), RNAseq, vs 3 × Female normal protein (NP, F), RNAseq,Groups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get
A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Summary (written by the submitters)
Introduction: Low birthweight is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), in part due to an associated low nephron number, but the mechanisms leading to increased risk are not well understood. Low birthweight and growth restriction can be modeled in mice using gestational low protein (LP).
Read the full summary ↓
Using this model, here we sought to 1) identify a potential window for therapeutic intervention to prevent future CKD in LP animals, 2) understand the transcriptional impact of LP on adult kidneys, and 3) clarify the mechanistic connection between low nephron endowment and predisposition to disease in LP animals. We hypothesized that gestational LP-induced growth restriction would lead to shorter nephrogenesis and altered gene expression in adulthood. Methods: At the initiation of pregnancy, CD-1 dams received a normal protein (NP, 18%) or LP (8%) diet. Offspring were euthanized on postnatal days (PN) 2-7 (n=2-7/day). Kidneys were stained with Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS). Immunofluorescence was used to assess SIX2 (progenitor cells), JAG1 (nascent nephron patterning), and LEF1 (Wnt signaling). At 6 weeks, mice underwent transdermal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurement. Ex vivo kidneys underwent histologic evaluation, bulk RNA sequencing, and cationic ferritin- enhanced MRI to quantify glomerular number (Nglom). Results: LP mice had protracted nephrogenesis extending to PN5-6, compared to NP mice that had completed nephrogenesis by PN3-5. Adult LP mice had fewer glomeruli, and LP males had lower GFR and more ATG compared to NP males. LP mice did not have evidence of glomerular hypertrophy. In LP males, the following genes were downregulated: Gfr1, Pax8, Fgf10, Dvl1, and Aldh1a1. Foxd1, Hif1an, Egln3, and Fzd7 were upregulated in the LP males. LP females exhibited upregulation of Etv5 and Osr2 and downregulation of Gata3, Mgp, and Trpv6 with no overlap of dysregulated genes between the sexes. Conclusions: LP offspring exhibit prolonged nephrogenesis and a reduced nephron endowment in adulthood. In males, this is characterized by a suppressed retinoic acid–GDNF–Wnt axis, while both sexes show persistent dysregulation of developmental genes. Together, these findings identify the late gestational and early postnatal periods as critical therapeutic windows. Targeting these molecular pathways during active nephrogenesis may offer a strategy to mitigate the programmed risk of CKD in growth-restricted offspring.
This dataset
Open GSE320330 in finder → Find more mouse RNA-seq datasets →
Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

Series matrix ↓
2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE320330_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

All supplementary files ↗ Whole study · RAW.tar ↓
3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

Raw reads on ENA ↗

What the files usually look like: For RNA-seq the counts are usually a table among the supplementary files (look for 'counts', 'expression', 'FPKM' or 'TPM' in the file name). The series matrix of a sequencing study is sometimes nearly empty.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1427605 and SRA study SRP678988. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

NCBI GEO page ↗
Study design
5 × Male low protein (LP, M), RNAseq, vs 5 × Female low protein (LP, F), RNAseq, vs 5 × Male normal protein (NP, M), RNAseq, vs 3 × Female normal protein (NP, F), RNAseq,

Supports a between-group comparison across 18 samples.

How we read this: 4 replicated groups read from 18 sample titles; they account for 18 of them. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study
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