GEO series
Rapid evolution of mouse saliva through regulatory rewiring and gene expansions
GSE328310
Mus musculus (mouse)
RNA-seq (gene expression)
60 samples
Submitted 2026/04/16
Platform GPL24247
At a glance
RNA-seq (gene expression) · mouse · 60 samples
- What it is
- RNA-seq (gene expression)Gene activity measured by sequencing. The summary does not mention single-cell work, so this is most likely bulk: one average per sample, the usual starting point for comparing groups.
- Organism
- Mus musculus (mouse)
- Samples
- 60 samples: 20 conditions, mostly in triplicateGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
- Data you can get
- A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
- Paper
- Gene Expansion and Regulatory Rewiring Shape Sex-Biased Evolution of the Mouse Submandibular Gland SecretomebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
Summary (written by the submitters)
Mammalian saliva plays essential roles in digestion, immunity, and host-microbiome interactions, yet its protein composition varies widely across species and sexes. This diversity makes saliva a powerful model to study evolution of gene expression. Here, we compared mouse and human salivary glands at the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic levels to understand how saliva composition evolves.
Read the full summary ↓
We found that evolution of gene expression in mouse salivary glands is driven by rapid gene turnover and sexual dimorphism. In the submandibular and sublingual glands, 68% and 73% of expression from genes encoding secreted proteins derives from lineage-specific genes that lack one-to-one human orthologs. This contrasts the prevailing view that gene expression is largely conserved across tissues and highlights saliva as an unusually dynamic system of molecular evolution. Mouse submandibular gland shows striking sexual dimorphism, with 1537 tissue specific sex-biased genes, five times higher than in the liver, a classic model of sex-biased expression. These genes cluster in regions shaped by recent gene duplication, such as the kallikrein gene cluster, a mouse-specific expansion that accounts for ~16.4% of male-biased submandibular gland expression. Our analyses suggest that this bias arises through regulatory changes that are expanded by gene duplication, including the spread of a testosterone-associated regulatory motif and the expansion of a shared chromatin domain that promotes coordinated gene regulation. Our results describe a novel mechanism through which lineage-specific gene duplication and regulatory rewiring drive rapid, sex-specific evolution of the mammalian saliva.
Published in
Landau LJB, Jain S, Griffin N et al.
· bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 2026
· PMID 41889965
· doi:10.64898/2026.03.18.712472
This dataset
Download · which file do I need?
Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.
1 · Just have a look
Processed table
The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.
2 · Re-analyse it
Supplementary files
The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE328310_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).
3 · Start from the raw reads
Raw sequencing reads
The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.
What the files usually look like: For RNA-seq the counts are usually a table among the supplementary files (look for 'counts', 'expression', 'FPKM' or 'TPM' in the file name). The series matrix of a sequencing study is sometimes nearly empty.
Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1454540 and SRA study SRP692550. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.
Study design
20 conditions, mostly in triplicate
liver, CD1, male, ×3
pancreas, CD1, male, ×3
parotid, CD1, male, ×3
sublingual, CD1, male, ×3
submandibular, CD1, male, ×3
liver, CD1, female, ×3
pancreas, CD1, female, ×3
parotid, CD1, female, ×3
+12 more
Supports a between-group comparison across 60 samples.
How we read this: 20 replicated groups read from 60 sample titles; they account for 60 of them. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.
Samples in this study
- GSM9678492 liver, CD1, male, rep1 liver, CD1, male,
- GSM9678493 pancreas, CD1, male, rep1 pancreas, CD1, male,
- GSM9678494 parotid, CD1, male, rep1 parotid, CD1, male,
- GSM9678495 sublingual, CD1, male, rep1 sublingual, CD1, male,
- GSM9678496 submandibular, CD1, male, rep1 submandibular, CD1, mal…
- GSM9678497 liver, CD1, male, rep2 liver, CD1, male,
- GSM9678498 pancreas, CD1, male, rep2 pancreas, CD1, male,
- GSM9678499 parotid, CD1, male, rep2 parotid, CD1, male,
- GSM9678500 sublingual, CD1, male, rep2 sublingual, CD1, male,
- GSM9678501 submandibular, CD1, male, rep2 submandibular, CD1, mal…
- GSM9678502 liver, CD1, male, rep3 liver, CD1, male,
- GSM9678503 pancreas, CD1, male, rep3 pancreas, CD1, male,
- GSM9678504 parotid, CD1, male, rep3 parotid, CD1, male,
- GSM9678505 sublingual, CD1, male, rep3 sublingual, CD1, male,
- GSM9678506 submandibular, CD1, male, rep3 submandibular, CD1, mal…
- GSM9678507 liver, CD1, female, rep1 liver, CD1, female,
- GSM9678508 pancreas, CD1, female, rep1 pancreas, CD1, female,
- GSM9678509 parotid, CD1, female, rep1 parotid, CD1, female,
- GSM9678510 sublingual, CD1, female, rep1 sublingual, CD1, female,
- GSM9678511 submandibular, CD1, female, rep1 submandibular, CD1, fem…
- GSM9678512 liver, CD1, female, rep2 liver, CD1, female,
- GSM9678513 pancreas, CD1, female, rep2 pancreas, CD1, female,
- GSM9678514 parotid, CD1, female, rep2 parotid, CD1, female,
- GSM9678515 sublingual, CD1, female, rep2 sublingual, CD1, female,
- GSM9678516 submandibular, CD1, female, rep2 submandibular, CD1, fem…
- GSM9678517 liver, CD1, female, rep3 liver, CD1, female,
- GSM9678518 pancreas, CD1, female, rep3 pancreas, CD1, female,
- GSM9678519 parotid, CD1, female, rep3 parotid, CD1, female,
- GSM9678520 sublingual, CD1, female, rep3 sublingual, CD1, female,
- GSM9678521 submandibular, CD1, female, rep3 submandibular, CD1, fem…
- GSM9678522 liver, C57, male, rep1 liver, C57, male,
- GSM9678523 pancreas, C57, male, rep1 pancreas, C57, male,
- GSM9678524 parotid, C57, male, rep1 parotid, C57, male,
- GSM9678525 sublingual, C57, male, rep1 sublingual, C57, male,
- GSM9678526 submandibular, C57, male, rep1 submandibular, C57, mal…
- GSM9678527 liver, C57, male, rep2 liver, C57, male,
- GSM9678528 pancreas, C57, male, rep2 pancreas, C57, male,
- GSM9678529 parotid, C57, male, rep2 parotid, C57, male,
- GSM9678530 sublingual, C57, male, rep2 sublingual, C57, male,
- GSM9678531 submandibular, C57, male, rep2 submandibular, C57, mal…
+ 20 more — browse all 60 samples with per-sample file links →
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Share this dataset
Metadata from NCBI GEO, cached and refreshed periodically — the NCBI page above is authoritative. Downloads link straight to NCBI/ENA; nothing is proxied through BioTransfer.