Panax notoginseng -derived extracellular vesicles alleviate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by suppressing p53 activation

Doxorubicin (Dox) is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent, but its clinical use is limited by cumulative cardiotoxicity. Panax notoginseng, a traditional medicinal herb, exhibits well-documented cardioprotective properties; however, the therapeutic application of its bioactive constituents is constrained by poor bioavailability and potential toxicity. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as natural nanocarriers facilitating cross-kingdom delivery of bioactive metabolites. In this study, we investigated whether P. notoginseng-derived EVs (PEVs) could mitigate Dox-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) and explored the underlying mechanisms.