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Circadian screening of neutrophils identifies therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis

GSE331460 Mus musculus (mouse) RNA-seq (gene expression) 8 samples Submitted 2026/06/26 Platform GPL21103
At a glance

RNA-seq (gene expression) · mouse · 8 samples

What it is
RNA-seq (gene expression)Gene activity measured by sequencing. The summary does not mention single-cell work, so this is most likely bulk: one average per sample, the usual starting point for comparing groups.
Organism
Mus musculus (mouse)
Samples
8 samples: 4 × ZT13, vs 4 × ZT1,Groups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get
A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Summary (written by the submitters)
Circadian rhythms are intrinsic time-keeping mechanisms that play a critical role in tuning immunity. Here, we investigated the impact of circadian rhythms on the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for multiple sclerosis (MS). We demonstrate that circulating neutrophils in blood significantly increase early in EAE, prior to symptoms onset.
Read the full summary ↓
Importantly, we found that these cells infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) in a time-of-day (ToD)-dependent manner, with increased infiltration at the onset of the behavioral active phase of the mice (evening). Transcriptomic analysis of CNS-infiltrating neutrophils revealed distinct ToD-dependent gene expression profiles, which identified Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) as a potential therapeutic candidate, since pharmacological inhibition of FPR2 led to reduced EAE disease severity. Furthermore, combinatorial treatment with a drug that targets VLA-4 (in the clinic used under the trade name Natalizumab to treat MS) led to additive effects, substantially reducing EAE symptoms. Together, these findings highlight the importance of circadian immune cell dynamics during EAE development and provide a first characterization of the circadian immune landscape in an animal model of MS, identifying potentially novel targets for MS therapies
This dataset
Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE331460_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

What the files usually look like: For RNA-seq the counts are usually a table among the supplementary files (look for 'counts', 'expression', 'FPKM' or 'TPM' in the file name). The series matrix of a sequencing study is sometimes nearly empty.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1468182 and SRA study SRP702106. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

Study design
4 × ZT13, vs 4 × ZT1,

Supports a between-group comparison across 8 samples.

How we read this: 2 replicated groups read from 8 sample titles; they account for 8 of them. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study
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Metadata from NCBI GEO, cached and refreshed periodically — the NCBI page above is authoritative. Downloads link straight to NCBI/ENA; nothing is proxied through BioTransfer.