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Tbr2-dependent parallel pathways regulate the development of distinct ipRGC subtypes

GSE149388 Mus musculus (mouse) RNA-seq (gene expression) 12 samples Submitted 2025/11/29 Platform GPL24247
At a glance

RNA-seq (gene expression) · mouse · 12 samples

What it is
RNA-seq (gene expression)Gene activity measured by sequencing. The summary does not mention single-cell work, so this is most likely bulk: one average per sample, the usual starting point for comparing groups.
Organism
Mus musculus (mouse)
Samples
12 samples: 3 × TSCM vs 3 × TSMM vs 3 × TSCF vs 3 × TSMFGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get
A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Paper
Tbr2-dependent parallel pathways regulate the development of distinct ipRGC subtypesCommunications biology · 2026
Summary (written by the submitters)
The intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) are the conduit between the retina and brain regions responsible for non-image-forming and image-forming vision. In mice, six ipRGC subtypes have been discovered based on morphological characteristics, functions, and molecular profiles. All ipRGCs arise from Tbr2-expressing RGCs during developmental stages and subsequently diverge and differentiate into the six mature, distinct subtypes in adult retinas.
Read the full summary ↓
However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling the formation and maturation of the six ipRGC subtypes remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that two Tbr2-dependent transcription factors, Iroquois‑related homeobox 1 (Irx1) and T-box containing factor 20 (Tbx20), are key downstream transcription factors guiding lineage segregations of Tbr2-expressing RGC into distinct adult ipRGC subtypes. Both factors also control Opn4 expression. Irx1 is expressed in the M3, M4, and M5 subtypes, while Tbx20 is predominantly expressed in M1, M2, M6, and subgroups of M3 and M5. When Irx1 is ablated during retinal development, Opn4 expression is significantly reduced in the M3, M4, and M5 ipRGC groups; however, the formation of Irx1-expressing ipRGCs is not affected. In contrast, when Tbx20 is deleted, a significant number of Tbx20-expressing cells fail to develop while Opn4 expression is down-regulated. These findings reveal two parallel transcription cascades downstream of Tbr2 for controlling ipRGC subtype formation, fate divergence, and maintenance in the adult retina.
Published in
Tbr2-dependent parallel pathways regulate the development of distinct ipRGC subtypes
Kiyama T, Chen CK, Altay HY et al. · Communications biology 2026 · PMID 41620469 · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09645-4
This dataset
Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE149388_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

What the files usually look like: For RNA-seq the counts are usually a table among the supplementary files (look for 'counts', 'expression', 'FPKM' or 'TPM' in the file name). The series matrix of a sequencing study is sometimes nearly empty.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA628601 and SRA study SRP258678. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

Study design
3 × TSCM vs 3 × TSMM vs 3 × TSCF vs 3 × TSMF

Supports a between-group comparison across 12 samples.

How we read this: 4 replicated groups read from 12 sample titles; they account for 12 of them. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study
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