A phase separated active subnuclear compartment safeguards repressive chromatin domains [ChIP-seq]

The nucleus is composed of membrane-less subnuclear compartments, containing intrinsically disordered proteins and RNAs that phase separate (PS) and contribute to specific nuclear reactions. However, whether and how different subnuclear compartments can intercommunicate remains elusive. Here we identified nuclear bodies with PS features composed of BAZ2A, a factor associating with active chromatin. BAZ2A-bodies depend on active transcription, RNAs, and the non-disordered BAZ2A RNA-binding TAM domain. Although BAZ2A and H3K27me3 occupancies anticorrelate in the linear genome, in the nuclear space BAZ2A-bodies contact H3K27me3-bodies. Disruption of BAZ2A-bodies promotes BAZ2A invasion into H3K27me3-domains, causing H3K27me3-bodies loss, H3K27me3 decrease, and gene upregulation. BAZ2A-bodies formation is negatively regulated by the nuclear-speckles associated lncRNA Malat1 that interacts with BAZ2A and mediates BAZ2A association to chromatin at nuclear speckles, which do not contact BAZ2A-bodies. The results unravel how active compartments protect repressive compartments using PS mechanisms that are promoted or impaired according to the type of RNA interactions with RNA-binding proteins.