ATRX Condensates Formed by Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Regulate Neural Progenitor Cell Identity (RNA)

Alpha-thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome (ATR-X) is caused by mutations in the ATRX gene, which plays a pivotal role in heterochromatin integrity. In this study, we uncover a novel mechanism by which ATRX influences fate of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) through the formation of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS)-driven condensates. We discovered that the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of ATRX is essential for driving LLPS, enabling ATRX to form dynamic condensates within the nucleus. The IDR region can autonomously form phase-separated droplets and recruit co-activators. In addition, formation of these condensates was crucial for the localization of ATRX at super-enhancers (SEs) in hNPCs, directly linking ATRX condensate dynamics to the regulation of gene expression critical for neural differentiation. Disruption of ATRX condensates leads to impaired neuronal differentiation, emphasizing the functional significance of ATRX in human neural development. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular function of ATRX beyond its established roles in chromatin structure, and suggest that LLPS is a key regulatory mechanism through which ATRX supports neurodevelopment. This study opens avenues for further exploration of how dysregulation of ATRX and its phase-separation ability may contribute to the pathogenesis of ATR-X syndrome and related neurodevelopmental disorders.