GEO series

Co-expression of IL-15 and CCL21 strengthens CAR-NK cells to eliminate tumors in concert with T cells and equips them with enhanced PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal signature

GSE278506 Homo sapiens (human) RNA-seq (gene expression) 12 samples Submitted 2025/04/25 Platform GPL24676

At a glance

RNA-seq (gene expression) · human · 12 samples

What it is: RNA-seq (gene expression)Gene activity measured by sequencing. The summary does not mention single-cell work, so this is most likely bulk: one average per sample, the usual starting point for comparing groups.
Organism: Homo sapiens (human)
Samples: 12 samples: 12 samples, each with a distinct title — no replicated groupsGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get: A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Paper: Co-expression of IL-15 and CCL21 strengthens CAR-NK cells to eliminate tumors in concert with T cells and equips them with PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal signatureJournal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025

Summary (written by the submitters)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) natural killer (NK) cell therapy has demonstrated safety and feasibility in clinic; yet, limited efficacy resulted from intrinsic dysfunction and extrinsic depression remains to be addressed. T cells provide a multifaceted complementation to NK cell-mediated response. Here, we designed a novel CD19-targeted CAR-NK armored with secreted interleukin (IL) -15 and CCL21 (15x21 CAR-NK) that are capable of recruiting and cooperating with T cells.

Read the full summary ↓

These 15x21 CAR-NK cells possess excellent capacities for cytotoxicity, cytokine production, and effector molecule expression in vitro. The cooperation with T cells presents benefits of alleviating mutual exhaustion and boosting the expression of effector molecules/receptors, thus promoting the elimination of tumor cells efficiently. In addition, 15x21 CAR-NK cells were also highly enriched PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, associating with downstream pro-survival signaling, anti-apoptosis ability, and mitochondrial fitness. Collectively, our study highlights the intrinsic superiority and extrinsic T-cell cooperative advantages of 15x21 CAR-NK cells, providing a promising strategy for NK-cell based immunotherapy.

Published in

Co-expression of IL-15 and CCL21 strengthens CAR-NK cells to eliminate tumors in concert with T cells and equips them with PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal signature

Wang X, Luo W, Chen Z et al. · Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 2025 · PMID 40518288 · doi:10.1136/jitc-2024-010822

This dataset

Open GSE278506 in finder → Find more human RNA-seq datasets →

Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

Series matrix ↓

2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE278506_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

All supplementary files ↗ Whole study · RAW.tar ↓

3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

Raw reads on ENA ↗

What the files usually look like: For RNA-seq the counts are usually a table among the supplementary files (look for 'counts', 'expression', 'FPKM' or 'TPM' in the file name). The series matrix of a sequencing study is sometimes nearly empty.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1167653 and SRA study SRP535904. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

NCBI GEO page ↗ Paper (PMID 40518288) ↗

Study design

12 samples, each with a distinct title — no replicated groups

Any grouping that defines a comparison lives in the sample characteristics, which GEO records separately from the titles.

How we read this: Read from 12 sample titles: 12 distinct titles with little repetition. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study

GSM8547830 UTD NK, replicate 1, RNAseq
GSM8547831 UTD NK, replicate 2, RNAseq
GSM8547832 UTD NK, replicate 3, RNAseq
GSM8547833 CAR-NK, replicate 1, RNAseq
GSM8547834 CAR-NK, replicate 2, RNAseq
GSM8547835 CAR-NK, replicate 3, RNAseq
GSM8547836 15 CAR-NK, replicate 1, RNAseq
GSM8547837 15 CAR-NK, replicate 2, RNAseq
GSM8547838 15 CAR-NK, replicate 3, RNAseq
GSM8547839 15´21 CAR-NK, replicate 1, RNAseq
GSM8547840 15´21 CAR-NK, replicate 2, RNAseq
GSM8547841 15´21 CAR-NK, replicate 3, RNAseq

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