Extracellular vesicles from antler blastema progenitor cells reverse bone loss and improve aging-related phenotypes in mice and macaques

Antler blastema progenitor cell (ABPC) is a novel type of skeletal mesenchymal stem cell with strong stemness and renewal ability. Here, we discovered that ABPC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVsABPCs) can strongly rejuvenate aging tissues in aged mice and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulattas). We identified a variety of rejuvenating molecules in EVsABPCs that differed from EVs of mouse bone marrow stromal stem cells (EVsBMSCs). EVsABPCs exhibited a robust in vitro ability to rejuvenate senescence BMSCs of aged mice and shift their molecular signature into a youthful state. In vivo, EVsABPCs increased bone mineral density in the femur by 2.4-fold in mice, and 1.53-fold in rhesus macaques. Besides, intravenous EVsABPCs significantly outperformed mouse fetal-EVsBMSCs in improving physical performance, reducing systemic inflammation, and rejuvenating major tissues of elderly mice, with no observed immunological side effects. Furthermore, EVsABPCs showed similar rejuvenating effects in old rhesus macaques as in elderly mice. Particularly, EVsABPCs resulted in remarkable improvements in brain structure and behaviors of elderly rhesus macaques, providing the first batch of evidence of EVs’ beneficial effects on aging brains in primates. These findings suggest that the ABPC is a novel and practical source of EVs containing a wealth of systemic rejuvenating factors and has considerable translational value for anti-aging interventions, particularly the rejuvenation of aging bones.