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Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus reciprocally promote their virulence factor secretion and pro-inflammatory effects

GSE289787 Homo sapiens (human) RNA-seq (gene expression) 44 samples Submitted 2025/09/10 Platform GPL21697
At a glance

RNA-seq (gene expression) · human · 44 samples

What it is
RNA-seq (gene expression)Gene activity measured by sequencing. The summary does not mention single-cell work, so this is most likely bulk: one average per sample, the usual starting point for comparing groups.
Organism
Homo sapiens (human)
Samples
44 samples: 16 conditions, mostly in triplicateGroups are read from the sample names, not from the paper. Check the list below.
Data you can get
A processed table (series matrix) and supplementary files from NCBI; the raw sequencing reads from ENA. Which of these hold counts depends on the study, so check the file list.
Paper
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus reciprocally promote their virulence factor secretion and pro-inflammatory effectsFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025
Summary (written by the submitters)
Co-infections of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus can significantly increase morbidity and mortality. This synergism is linked to the interactions between C. albicans and S. aureus that allow for staphylococcal co-invasion and dissemination. While it is known that virulence factors contribute to this process, the effect of C.
Read the full summary ↓
albicans-S. aureus coculturing on virulence factors composition and macrophage-mediated inflammation remain unknown. In this study, we used mass spectrometry-proteomics to investigate the effect of coculturing on the composition of the >3 kDa protein fraction of the S. aureus and C. albicans secretome, as well as the secretomal cytotoxicity and proinflammatory effects on human oral cells and immune cells. Results showed that coculturing of C. albicans and S. aureus promoted the secretion of 7 cytolytic, 11 proteolytic, and 3 lipolytic extracellular virulence factors (ECVFs). While the majority of differentially released C. albicans ECVFs were attributable to Als1/Als3-mediated interactions, changes in S. aureus secretomal ECVF composition were mainly attributable to the presence of C. albicans or its pH maintenance. By analysing both secreted and non-secreted virulence factors, it appears that coculturing promotes C. albicans hypha formation together with β-glucan masking, suggesting that coculturing enhances both C. albicans invasion and immune evasion. In addition, coculturing increased the cytotoxic potential of the secretome towards human oral epithelial cells and macrophages compared to the summed cytotoxic effect of both monoculture secretomes. Under non-cytotoxic conditions, the secretome of C. albicans-S. aureus coculture promoted macrophage activation and increased gene transcription of pro-inflammatory pathways compared to monoculture secretomes. Surprisingly, ALS1/ALS3 knock out has marginal effects on the secretome-increased proinflammation in macrophages. Our findings support that C. albicans and S. aureus reciprocally promotes their virulence potential, cytotoxicity, and proinflammatory effects, which may provide insights into the synergistic lethality during their coinfection in vivo.
Published in
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus reciprocally promote their virulence factor secretion and pro-inflammatory effects
Pasman R, Krom BP, Jonker MJ et al. · Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 2025 · PMID 40918254 · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1629373
This dataset
Open GSE289787 in finder → Find more human RNA-seq datasets →
Download · which file do I need?

Direct links to NCBI and ENA, no account and no request form. Pick by what you want to do: take the small processed table to look, the supplementary files to re-analyse, or the original raw data to start over.

1 · Just have a look

Processed table

The series matrix: one table of values per sample as the submitters processed it. The smallest download, and it opens in Excel or R. Start here to see what the data look like.

Series matrix ↓
2 · Re-analyse it

Supplementary files

The count tables and other files the authors uploaded. Take only the samples you need, or the whole study as GSE289787_RAW.tar (it can run to tens of gigabytes).

All supplementary files ↗ Whole study · RAW.tar ↓
3 · Start from the raw reads

Raw sequencing reads

The original FASTQ files, straight from the sequencer, held at ENA. Large, and you align them yourself, so only choose this if you need to re-process the study from scratch.

Raw reads on ENA ↗

What the files usually look like: For RNA-seq the counts are usually a table among the supplementary files (look for 'counts', 'expression', 'FPKM' or 'TPM' in the file name). The series matrix of a sequencing study is sometimes nearly empty.

Also filed as BioProject PRJNA1224786 and SRA study SRP564382. Searching any of these in the dataset finder brings you back here.

NCBI GEO page ↗ Paper (PMID 40918254) ↗
Study design
16 conditions, mostly in triplicate
THP-1 derived macrophages, co-culture_exposur… ×3 THP-1 derived macrophages, medium_control, bi… ×3 THP-1 derived macrophages, s. aureus_exposure… ×3 THP-1 derived macrophages, s. aureus_exposure… ×3 THP-1 derived macrophages, co-culture_mutant_… ×3 THP-1 derived macrophages, c. albicans_exposu… ×3 THP-1 derived macrophages, c. albicans_exposu… ×3 THP-1 derived macrophages, co-culture_exposur… ×3 +10 more

Supports a case/control comparison: 8 samples read as cases, 12 as controls.

How we read this: 16 replicated groups read from 44 sample titles; they account for 42 of them. These groups are guessed from the sample names, not taken from the paper, so check them against the sample list below before relying on them.

Samples in this study

+ 4 more — browse all 44 samples with per-sample file links →

Datasets on a similar topic

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Metadata from NCBI GEO, cached and refreshed periodically — the NCBI page above is authoritative. Downloads link straight to NCBI/ENA; nothing is proxied through BioTransfer.