Identification of host lncRNAs that impact Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replication

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) causes encephalitis in humans and equids, and there are no vaccines or therapeutics available for humans. In recent years, non-coding RNAs have emerged as critical regulatory factors affecting different cellular pathways. Specifically, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as regulators of antiviral pathways during various viral infections; however, their role in regulating VEEV infection has not been assessed. Here we show differential expression of several lncRNAs in primary mouse target cells infected with a vaccine strain of VEEV (TC-83) but not a pathogenic strain (TrD). Among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), suppressing lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 15 (Snhg15) resulted in about a 7-fold increase in VEEV TC-83 replication in primary mouse a strocytes. Knockdown of Snhg15 during VEEV TC-83 infection resulted in thesuppression of ten genes including Irf1, Junb, Atf3, Relb, Pim1, Hbegf, Ccl5, Ankrd33b, and H2-K2, all of which were also increased during TC-83 infection when the expression of Snhg15 increased in primary mouse astrocytes. Most of these genes are involved inantiviral responses. KEGG pathway analysis confirmed the suppression of both pattern recognition receptor and inflammatory pathways after in Snhg15 knockdown. These data are the first to identify lncRNA responses in encephalitic alphavirus infection and demonstrate important roles for these overlooked RNAs on VEEV infection.