Widespread impact of nucleosome remodelers on transcription at cis-regulatory elements [ATAC-seq]

Nucleosome remodeling complexes and other regulatory factors work in concert to build a chromatin environment that directs the expression of a distinct set of genes in each cell using cis-regulatory elements (CREs) such as promoters and enhancers which drive transcription of both mRNAs and CRE-associated non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Two classes of CRE-associated ncRNAs include upstream antisense RNAs (uaRNAs), which are transcribed divergently from a shared mRNA promoter element, and enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), which are transcribed bidirectionally from active enhancers. The complicated network of CRE regulation by nucleosome remodelers remains only partially explored, with a focus on a select, limited number of remodelers. We endeavored to elucidate a remodeler-based regulatory network governing CRE-associated transcription (mRNA, eRNA, and uaRNA) in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells to test the hypothesis that many SNF2-family nucleosome remodelers collaborate to regulate the coding and non-coding transcriptome. Using depletion followed by transient transcriptome sequencing (TT-seq), we identified thousands of misregulated mRNAs and CRE-associated ncRNAs across the remodelers examined, identifying novel contributions by understudied remodelers in the regulation of coding and non-coding transcription. Our findings suggest that transcription of paired mRNAs and eRNAs are coordinately co-regulated, while mRNAs and uaRNAs sharing a promoter are independently regulated by remodelers. Our mechanistic studies suggest that while SRCAP and CHD8 modulate transcription through classical mechanisms such as transcription factors and histone variants, a broad set of remodelers including SMARCAL1 indirectly contribute to transcription regulation through maintenance of genomic stability and accurate Integrator complex activity. This study systematically examines the contribution of SNF2-remodelers to the CRE-associated transcriptome, identifying at least two classes for remodeler action.